Only some parts of the lexical hypothesis have been empirically tested, with mixed results. However, it also applies within languages, with Saucier and Goldberg (1996) expressing that the more important attributes will be (a) crowded more closely with a cluster of synonyms, (b) more frequently used, and (c) more highly correlated with other terms, and so will be central to the definition of a semantic factor. This hypothesis applies across languages, whereby the more important human attributes will have accompanying terms in more languages ( Goldberg, 1981). Saucier and Goldberg (1996) extended the simple form of the lexical hypothesis by proposing that an attribute’s level of importance is associated with its degree of representation in language. This hypothesis and its second part, that the more important attributes are likely to become encoded in language as single words, have been expressed in various forms by Cattell (1943), Norman (1963, 1967), and Goldberg (1981, 1982). Social relevance is believed to determine “importance”, where explicit recognition of other society members’ traits enables better decisions on how to interact with them ( Srivastava, 2010). The lexical hypothesis is discussed in detail by Saucier and Goldberg (1996, 2001), but its simplest form, first expressed by Klages (1926/1932), is that human attributes that are important to people in a society will become part of that society’s language. The universality of these concepts across such disparate, independently derived origins might indicate that these personality differences are intrinsic to all humans and so universally relevant that human beings in all types of societies notice them. Suppose there are some personality-trait concepts that are used by members of every society in the world, no matter how isolated. The nine ubiquitous personality concepts include some not previously identified and suggest a core of possibly universal concepts. The cluster-classification method uncovered nine ubiquitous personality concepts, plus six that were present in at least 12 of the 13 languages. English-language definitions of dictionary entries from the 13 languages were matched to the meanings of the synonym clusters. This study used clusters of empirically related terms (e.g., brave, courageous, daring), based on a taxonomy of English-language personality concepts that consisted of 100 personality-trait clusters. The goal of our exploratory research was to discover ubiquitous personality concepts in these 13 independent societies and their languages, providing a window into personality concepts across a broad range of cultures and languages. These 13 societies are highly diverse in geographical location, culture, and language family their languages developed in isolation from modern-world languages. To investigate the generalizability of personality concepts, we examined the English translations of individual-difference entries from the dictionaries of 12 small-scale societies previously studied for ubiquity of individual differences, plus the dictionary of an additional society not previously studied in this manner. There is longstanding interest in the generalizability of personality across diverse cultures.
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